Initial comparison of descriptive statistics for all clinical variables was performed using either analysis of variance or chi-squared tests, depending on whether the variables were quantitative or categorical. To allow comparison among studies, the ARCS scores were then standardized (to Z scores) using the mean and SD of the normal population reported by Schofield et al. 21 Bivariate linear correlation analysis of standardized ARCS scores was performed using Pearson’s (r) coefficient tests. Because moderate outliers were observed for some of the cognitive variables, we performed a secondary check of the Pearson’s correlation analyses by using Spearman’s (rho) tests, which are robust to outlier effects. These tests yielded results showing consistent strength and significance for all bivariate tests, thus adding confidence that the Pearson’s (r) results were not affected by outliers. For each regression model, we entered each of the mental health measures as the main effect factors so as to approximate the relative contribution of each mental health factor on cognitive function while accounting for the others. Tests for normality of outcome variables were performed using Q-Q plots and Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit tests. These tests showed some modest deviations from normality for language and visual domains, but these were not deemed substantial enough to warrant transformation. e., sex, age at initial assessment, age at diagnosis, disease duration, EDSS, treatment type, MS subtype, annual relapse rate, other mental health medications, and education level. To account for multicolinearity, and so as not to overburden each regression model with too many uninformative parameters, we chose to include all main effect factors and covariates in a step-wise fashion using an algorithm that only retained covariates if they contributed to the overall regression model (p<0.05). In an effort to discern the relative association of the three mood indices from each other, and in relation to the other clinical covariates, we partitioned our regression models to include forced entry of each mood index separately, with all other clinical covariates entered in a step-wise fashion, and forced entry of all three mood indices combined, with all other clinical covariates entered in a step-wise fashion. Because we tested six different hypotheses (i.e., six cognitive function outcomes), we used the Bonferroni correction method to adjust the significance level to 0.008 (i.e., 0.05/6). In addition, we retained results at the “suggestive” level of 0.05 to provide an indication of association trends.
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The brand new descriptive qualities into the MS subtypes are given inside the Dining table step one. Seventy-nine % of your cohort were classified as the relapsing remitting (RRMS), 14% had been secondary modern (SPMS), and you may seven% priS) MS. Customers choosing MS-specific immunomodulatory treatments was mostly RRMS people and you can had been finding interferon beta (N=89), glatiramer acetate (N=42), natalizumab (N=25), fingolimod (N=9), dimethyl fumarate Sober dating sex (N=4), if any MS immunomodulatory cures (N=153) during the time of undertaking the study assessments. SPMS customers was indeed older, got a lengthier duration of problem, together with a top EDSS top than just its RRMS competitors at the time of your tests. Using the seriousness grading conditions for each disposition list with the DASS, twenty four the seriousness of psychological attacks is analyzed. Within MS cohort, 12% out-of customers said severe or most serious nervousness, with fourteen% scoring reasonable degrees of nervousness (Figure step one). Thirty-one percent was indeed receiving treatment which have a great serotonin reuptake substance from the committed of undertaking cognitive comparison. Predicated on the concept of cognitive disability (see over), 34% your MS cohort were cognitively impaired.
We in addition to integrated plenty of potentially very important covariates from inside the per of your own regression designs, we
Shape step one. Distribution off Aura Indicator from the Several Sclerosis (MS) Cohort Indicating Proportions of Customers at every Level of Seriousness a great
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